Gedetailleerde cursusinhoud
DAY 1
Cyber security basics
- What is security?
- Threat and risk
- Cyber security threat types
- Consequences of insecure software
- Constraints and the market
- The dark side
Buffer overflow
- Assembly basics and calling conventions
- x64 assembly essentials
- Registers and addressing
- Most common instructions
- Calling conventions on x64
- Calling convention – what it is all about
- The stack frame
- Stacked function calls
- Memory management vulnerabilities
- Memory management and security
- Vulnerabilities in the real world
- Buffer security issues
- Buffer overflow on the stack
- Buffer overflow on the stack – stack smashing
- Exploitation – Hijacking the control flow
- Lab – Buffer overflow 101, code reuse
- Exploitation – Arbitrary code execution
- Injecting shellcode
- Lab – Code injection, exploitation with shellcode
- Buffer overflow on the heap
- Unsafe unlinking
- Case study – Heartbleed
- Pointer manipulation
- Modification of jump tables
- Overwriting function pointers
- Best practices and some typical mistakes
- Unsafe functions
- Dealing with unsafe functions
- Lab – Fixing buffer overflow
- What’s the problem with asctime()?
- Lab – The problem with asctime()
- Using std::string in C++
- Unterminated strings
- readlink() and string termination
- Manipulating C-style strings in C++
- Malicious string termination
- Lab – String termination confusion
- String length calculation mistakes
- Off-by-one errors
- Allocating nothing
DAY 2
Memory management hardening
- Securing the toolchain
- Securing the toolchain in C and C++
- Compiler warnings and security
- Using FORTIFY_SOURCE
- Lab – Effects of FORTIFY
- AddressSanitizer (ASan)
- Using AddressSanitizer (ASan)
- ASan changes to the prologue
- ASan changes to memory read/write operations
- ASan changes to the epilogue
- Lab – Using AddressSanitizer
- Stack smashing protection
- Detecting BoF with a stack canary
- Argument cloning
- Stack smashing protection on various platforms
- SSP changes to the prologue and epilogue
- Lab – Effects of stack smashing protection
- Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR)
- ASLR on various platforms
- Lab – Effects of ASLR
- Circumventing ASLR – NOP sleds
- Non-executable memory areas
- The NX bit
- Write XOR Execute (W^X)
- NX on various platforms
- Lab – Effects of NX
- NX circumvention – Code reuse attacks
- Return-to-libc / arc injection
- Return Oriented Programming (ROP)
- Protection against ROP
Common software security weaknesses
- Security features
- Authentication
- Authentication basics
- Multi-factor authentication
- Authentication weaknesses – spoofing
- Case study – PayPal 2FA bypass
- Password management
- Inbound password management
- Storing account passwords
- Password in transit
- Lab – Is just hashing passwords enough?
- Dictionary attacks and brute forcing
- Salting
- Adaptive hash functions for password storage
- Password policy
- NIST authenticator requirements for memorized secrets
- Case study – The Ashley Madison data breach
- The dictionary attack
- The ultimate crack
- Exploitation and the lessons learned
- Password database migration
- Outbound password management
- Hard coded passwords
- Best practices
- Lab – Hardcoded password
- Protecting sensitive information in memory
- Challenges in protecting memory
- Heap inspection
- Compiler optimization challenges
- Lab – Zeroization challenges
- Sensitive info in non-locked memory
- Inbound password management
- Authentication
- Code quality
- Data handling
- Type mismatch
- Lab – Type mismatch
- Initialization and cleanup
- Constructors and destructors
- Initialization of static objects
- Lab – Initialization cycles
- Array disposal in C++
- Lab – Mixing delete and delete[]
- Memory and pointers
- Memory and pointer issues
- Pointer handling pitfalls
- Pointer usage in C and C++
- Use after free
- Lab – Use after free
- Lab – Runtime instrumentation
- Double free
- Memory leak
- Smart pointers and RAII
- Smart pointer challenges
- Data handling
DAY 3
Common software security weaknesses
- Input validation
- Input validation principles
- Blacklists and whitelists
- Data validation techniques
- What to validate – the attack surface
- Where to validate – defense in depth
- How to validate – validation vs transformations
- Validation with regex
- Injection
- Injection principles
- Injection attacks
- Code injection
- OS command injection
- Lab – Command injection
- OS command injection best practices
- Avoiding command injection with the right APIs
- Lab – Command injection best practices
- Case study – Shellshock
- Lab – Shellshock
- Process control – library injection
- DLL hijacking
- Lab – DLL hijacking
- OS command injection
- Integer handling problems
- Representing signed numbers
- Integer visualization
- Integer promotion
- Integer overflow
- Lab – Integer overflow
- Signed / unsigned confusion
- Case study – The Stockholm Stock Exchange
- Lab – Signed / unsigned confusion
- Integer truncation
- Lab – Integer truncation
- Case study – WannaCry
- Best practices
- Upcasting
- Precondition testing
- Postcondition testing
- Using big integer libraries
- Best practices in C
- UBSan changes to arithmetics
- Lab – Handling integer overflow on the toolchain level in C/C++
- Best practices in C++
- Lab – Integer handling best practices in C++
- Files and streams
- Path traversal
- Path traversal-related examples
- Lab – Path traversal
- Path traversal best practices
- Lab – Path canonicalization
- Format string issues
- The problem with printf()
- Lab – Exploiting format string
- Input validation principles
- Time and state
- Race conditions
- File race condition
- Time of check to time of usage – TOCTTOU
- Lab – TOCTTOU
- Insecure temporary file
- File race condition
- Race conditions
Wrap up
- Secure coding principles
- Principles of robust programming by Matt Bishop
- Secure design principles of Saltzer and Schröder
- And now what?
- Software security sources and further reading
- C and C++ resources